The quickest way to get up and running again is a repair reinstall "over the top" of XP; it will replace the system files without losing your data. In order to do this you must have a retail or OEM version of Windows XP, not a restore disk or restore partition.
If you do not have the above, then try to get a disk of Windows XP the same version as you have (XP Home, or XP Pro) and do a repair reinstall from that. When the disk asks for your key number enter YOURS not the one that came with the disk. This is legal, by the way. Remember to do a repair reinstall, not a new install or you will lose all your data and programs.
Tutorial Link:
How To Repair Reinstall XP