Every few bootups, my display colors are off. The desktop itself, which is normally black, becomes navy blue, and the window backgrounds, which are normally a soft yellow, become a putrid pink. Even if I go to settings and resubmit, the correct colors do not appear. What could be causing this?

Assuming you have the right video drivers !!!

I'd boot to safe-mode and remove all video drivers then boot back into the normal GUI for a fresh install.

Have you just up-dated any drivers?? some times an older set works better and PLEASE don't use any after market drivers that the MS update web site might list....ok.